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Microcontrollers ApNote AP242005
Crystal Oscillator of the C500 and C166 Microcontroller Families
The microcontrollers of the C500/C166 Family include the active part of the oscillator. This document explains the quartz crystal oscillator functionality and gives recommendations how to get the right composition of external circuits. Author : Peter Mariutti / MD AE Munich
07.99, Rel. 05
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
Contents 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 4 4.1 4.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.5 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8 9
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Inverter Type_A, Type_B and Type_C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Inverter Type_R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Inverter Type_RE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Inverter Type_LP1 and Type_LP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Inverter Type_RTC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Inverter Type_RTC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 6 6 6 6 6
Fundamental Mode and 3rd Overtone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Oscillator Start-up Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Definition of the Oscillator Start-up Time tst_up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Definition of the Oscillator Off Time toff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Drive Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Method of Drive Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drive Level Calculation for Fundamental Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drive Level Calculation for 3rd Overtone Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Start-up- and Oscillation Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principle of the Negative Resistance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Method of Start-up- and Oscillation Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Safety Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trouble Shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pull down Resistor RX1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feedback Resistor Rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualification of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillator Circuitry Layout Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avoidance of Capacitive Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Connection of the Crystal Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avoidance of Parallel Tracks of High Frequency Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correct Module Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layout Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 17 18 18 18 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 22
Used Short Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Recommendations of the Crystal Manufacturer Tele Quarz Group . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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10 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4
General Information using the Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Appendix C500 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Relation between Oscillator-Inverter Type and Device Type . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_A Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_B Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C500 Family: Type_C Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 42 43
12 Appendix C166 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 C166 Family: Relation between Oscillator-Inverter Type and Device Type . . . . . . . . . 12.2 C166 Family: Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.1 C166 Family: Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverter Fundamental Mode . . . . . . 12.2.2 C166 Family: Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverter 3rd Overtone Mode . . . . . . 12.3 C166 Family: Type_LP1 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 C166 Family: Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 C166 Family: Type_RTC1 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 C166 Family: Type_RTC2 Oscillator-Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 14 Quartz Crystals for the C500 and C166 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Mode Quartz Crystal for Standard Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamental Mode Quartz Crystal for Advanced Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd Overtone Mode Quartz Crystal for Standard Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd Overtone Mode Quartz Crystal for Advanced Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . Real Time Clock Quartz Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TELE QUARZ GROUP Sales Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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AP242005 ApNote - Revision History Actual Revision : 07.99 Page of Page of actual Rev. prev.Rel. 31 33 37 31 31 33 37 31 Previous Revision : 04.99 Subjects (changes since last release) "SAx-C161OR FA Type_RE" corrected to "Type_LP2" Table 13: "SAx-C161OR FA " removed Table 18: "SAx-C161OR FA " inserted Appendix C166 Family: Oscillator Frequency adapted to Data Sheet
is a trademark of TELE QUARZ GROUP
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1
Introduction
This Application Note provides recommendations concerning the selection of quartz crystals and circuit composition for each oscillator. The cooperation between the IC oscillator and the quartz crystal is not always working properly because of a wrong composition of external circuits. Therefore Infineon Technologies (MD AE) and Tele Quarz Group built up a cooperation to support our customers with the appropriate knowledge to guarantee a problem-free operation of the oscillator. The content concerning the measurements to find the right external circuits is a general information and can be used for all pierce oscillators using an oscillator-inverter.
2
Oscillator-Inverter
The microcontrollers of the C500/C166 Family include the active part of the oscillator (also called oscillator-inverter). Based on the history and evolution of the microcontrollers there are different oscillator-inverters implemented at the C500/C166 Family members. Due to the same reason, the meaning of XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins is different. In this Application Note and at the C166 Family, XTAL1 is the oscillator-inverter input while XTAL2 is the output. At the C500 Family it is recommended to have a closer look at the Data Sheet of each device. Some devices include an auxiliary oscillator. This is a real time clock oscillator-inverter, XTAL3 is the oscillator-inverter input while XTAL4 is the output. The on-chip oscillator-inverter can either run with an external crystal and appropriate external oscillator circuitry (also called oscillator circuitry or passive part of the oscillator), or it can be driven by an external oscillator. The external oscillator directly connected to XTAL1, leaving XTAL2 open, feeds the external clock signal to the internal clock circuitry. The oscillator input XTAL1 and output XTAL2 connect the internal CMOS Pierce oscillator to the external crystal. The oscillator provides an inverter and a feedback element. The resistance of the feedback element is in the range of 0.5 to 1 M. Depending on the type of oscillator-inverter the gain can be different between reset active and reset inactive. The recommendations in the appendix are separated to the different oscillator-inverter types of the C500 and C166 Family.
2.1
Oscillator Inverter Type_A, Type_B and Type_C
These types of inverters are implemented in C500 Family derivatives. The gain of these types of oscillator-inverters is the same during reset active and reset inactive. These oscillators are optimized for operating frequencies in the range of 2.0 (3.5) to 20 MHz. For details refer to appendix.
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2.2
Oscillator Inverter Type_R
This type of inverter is implemented in most of the current C166 Family derivatives. The gain of the Type_R oscillator-inverter is high during reset is active and is Reduced by one-third when reset is inactive. This feature provides an excellent start-up behavior and a reduced supply current for the oscillator during normal operation mode. The Type_R oscillator-inverter is optimized for an operating frequency range of 4 to 40 MHz. 2.3 Oscillator Inverter Type_RE
This type of inverter is an enhanced Type_R oscillator-inverter with a high gain but reduced power consumption. The Type_RE oscillator-inverter is compatible to the external circuits of Type_R. The gain of this inverter is identical during reset is active and during reset is inactive. The Type_RE oscillator-inverter will be implemented in new designs requiring an oscillator frequency from 4 to 40 MHz. 2.4 Oscillator Inverter Type_LP1 and Type_LP2
This type of inverter is a Low Power oscillator, version 1 and version 2. Inverter Type_LP2 is the actual version and will be implemented in new derivatives of the C16x Family. The Type_LP oscillator-inverter is a high sophisticated module with a high gain but low power consumption. The gain of the Type_LP oscillator-inverter is the same during reset active and reset inactive. This oscillator is optimized for an operating frequency range of 4 to 16 MHz. For input frequencies above 25 ... 30 MHz provided by an external oscillator the oscillator's output should be terminated with a 15 pF capacitance and a 3 k resistor in series to XTAL2. 2.5 Oscillator Inverter Type_RTC1
The auxiliary oscillator-inverter is a Real Time Clock oscillator with a low power consumption and it is optimized for a frequency range of 32 kHz 50%. The feedback resistor Rf of the Type_RTC1 is integrated on chip. If the auxiliary oscillator-inverter is not used in the system it is recommended to connect the input (XTAL3) to VDD. 2.6 Oscillator Inverter Type_RTC2
This auxiliary oscillator-inverter is also a Real Time Clock oscillator with an very low power consumption and it is optimized for a frequency range of 32 kHz 50%. The feedback resistor Rf of the Type_RTC2 is not integrated on chip. Rf has to be connected externaly between pin XTAL3 and XTAL4. If the auxiliary oscillator-inverter is not used in the system it is recommended to connect the input (XTAL3) to VDD or GND.
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3
Fundamental Mode and 3rd Overtone
Depending on the system demands there are two different kind of oscillator modes available. The external quartz crystal can be prepared for fundamental mode or 3rd overtone mode. The standard external oscillator circuitry for fundamental mode (see figure 1) includes the crystal, two low end capacitors and a series resistor RX2 to limit the current through the crystal. The series resistor RX2 is not often used in C500 Family devices. A test resistor RQ may be temporarily inserted to measure the oscillation allowance of the oscillator circuitry. How to check the start-up reliability will be explained in detail in Chapter 6. For the 3rd overtone mode an additional inductance/capacitance combination (LX/CX2) is required to suppress oscillation in the fundamental mode and bias voltage (CX) at the XTAL2 output. Fundamental mode is suppressed via phase shift and filter characteristics of the LX/CX2 network. The formula fLXCX2 in chapter 5.3 calculates the frequency at which the inductive behavior of the LX/ CX2 network changes to capacitive. The oscillation condition in 3rd overtone mode needs a capacitive behavior for f3rd and an inductive one for ffund. 3rd overtone mode is often used in applications where the crystal has to be resistant against strong mechanical vibrations because 3rd overtone crystals have a higher mechanical stability than fundamental mode crystals with the same frequency. In general, there are different possibilities to connect the LX/CX network for 3rd overtone to the oscillator circuit. The LX/CX network theoretically can be connected to CX1 or CX2. This Application Note recommends the connection to CX2 (see figure 1) because a little variation of LX caused by production deviation has more influence concerning the oscillator start-up behavior at the XTAL1 input than at the XTAL2 output. Furthermore, the additional hardware for 3rd overtone mode receives additional electrical noise from the system. In a CX1/LX/CX combination the noise will be amplified via the oscillator inverter. In a CX2/LX/CX combination the noise will be damped by the quartz crystal. Depending on the quality of the Printed Circuit Board design, a CX1/LX/CX combination can have a bad influence on the start-up behavior of the oscillator.
Note: There is no need of changing existing working designs which use the CX1/LX/CX combination when the Safety Factor SF is within the desired range.
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Fundamental Mode: (4 ... 40 MHz)
to internal clock circuitry
3rd Overtone Mode: (20 ... 40 MHz)
to internal clock circuitry
XTAL1 (XTAL2)
XTAL2 (XTAL1)
XTAL1 (XTAL2)
XTAL2 (XTAL1)
RX2 Q RQ Q RQ
RX2
LX CX1 CX2 CX1 CX2 CX GND Figure 1 Oscillator Modes GND
Note: The operating frequency of the oscillator depends on the type of oscillator-inverter and the oscillation mode. For detailed information refer to appendix.
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4
Oscillator Start-up Time
Based on small electrical system noise or thermic noise caused by resistors, the oscillation starts with a very small amplitude. Due to the amplification of the oscillator-inverter, the oscillation amplitude increases and reaches its maximum after a certain time period tst_up (start-up time). The oscillator start-up time depends on the oscillator frequency and typical values of the start-up time are within the range of 0.1 msec tst_up 10 msec for an oscillator frequency 2 MHz fOSC 40 MHz. The oscillator frequency of the real time clock oscillator are within the range of 32kHz 50% and typical values of the start-up time are within the range of 1 sec tst_up 10 sec. Theoretically the oscillator-inverter performs a phase shift of 180, and the external circuitry performs a phase shift of 180 to fulfill the oscillation condition of an oscillator. A total phase shift of 360 is necessary. In reality, the real phase shift of the oscillator-inverter depends on the oscillator frequency and is approximately in the range of 100 to 210. It is necessary to compose the external components in a way that a total phase shift of 360 is performed. This can be achieved by a variation of C x1 and Cx2. Note: During power-on the external hardware reset signal has to be active for a longer time period than the oscillator start-up time in order to prevent undefined effects. Note: Because of the different gain of the Type_R oscillator-inverter during reset active and reset inactive it is recommended to consider the oscillation in both phases of the reset signal.
4.1
Definition of the Oscillator Start-up Time tst_up
The definition of the oscillator start-up time is not a well defined value in literature. Generally it depends on the power supply rise time dVDD/dt at power on, on the electrical system noise and on the oscillation amplitude. For this application the oscillator start-up time tst_up is defined from VDD/ 2 to 0.9*VOSC_max of the stable oscillation, see figure 2. Supply Voltage at XTAL2 Output VDD
VDD/2
0.9*VOSC_max
Signal at XTAL2 Output
VOSC_max
t tst_up Figure 2 Oscillator Start-up Time
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4.2
Definition of the Oscillator Off Time toff
Measurement of the oscillator start-up time is normally done periodically. After switching off power supply, the oscillation continues until the whole reactive power oscillating between inductance and capacitance is consumed. Therefore the time between switching off and on (toff) the power supply must not be too short in order to get reproduceable results. toff depends on the composition of the oscillator components. It is recommended to use an oscillation off time toff 0.5 sec for an oscillator frequency within the range of 2 MHz fOSC 40 MHz, see figure 3. The off time of a real time clock oscillator sholuld be at least toff 60 sec.
VDD
t toff Figure 3 Oscillator Off Time toff
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5
Drive Level
5.1
Measurement Method of Drive Current
The amplitude of mechanical vibration of the quartz crystal increases proportionally to the amplitude of the applied current. The power dissipated in the load resonance resistance RL (in other technical descriptions also called 'effective resistance' or 'transformed series resistance') is given by the drive level PW. The peak to peak drive current Ipp is measured in the original application with a current probe directly at the crystal lead, see figure 4. The drive level is calculated with the formulas shown in chapters 5.2 and 5.3. The drive level is mainly controlled via R X2 and CX1, but CX2 also has an influence.
XTAL1 (XTAL2)
XTAL2 (XTAL1)
Ipp
Current Probe RX2 Q RQ (3rd Overtone) LX CX
CX1
CX2
GND Figure 4 Measurement Method of Drive Current with a Current Probe
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5.2
Drive Level Calculation for Fundamental Mode
The maximum and minimum allowed drive level depends on the used crystal and should be within the typical range of 50 W PW 800 W. For detailed information, the quartz crystal data sheet has to be regarded. The load resonance resistance RLtyp is calculated with the typical values of the quartz crystal and of the system. The formula is shown below. The typical values of R 1 (R1typ) and C0 (C0typ) are supplied by the crystal manufacturer. The stray capacitance CS consists of the capacitance of the board layout, the input capacitance of the on-chip oscillator-inverter and other parasitic effects in the oscillator circuit. A typical value of the input pin capacitance of the inverter is 2 pF. The maximum value is 10 pF. A typical value of the stray capacitance in a normal system is CS = 5 pF.
Drive level:
2 P W = IQ R Ltyp
Drive Current:
Ipp I Q = --------------- (for sine wave) 2 2
Load Resonance Resistance:
C 0typ 2 R Ltyp = R 1typ 1 + ---------------CL
Load Capacitance:
C X1 C X2 C L = ----------------------------------- + C S ( C X1 + C X2 )
Note: The drive level calculation in systems with a Type_R oscillator-inverter should be done with the drive current (IQ) measured during reset is inactive. Using an optimized external circuitry the difference of IQ during reset active and reset inactive is very small.
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5.3
Drive Level Calculation for 3rd Overtone Mode
The calculation of the drive level in 3rd overtone mode is equal to fundamental mode besides the calculation of the load capacitance. The formulas below show the relations between load capacitance, circuit components and frequencies in 3rd overtone.
Load Capacitance:
C X1 C X2rest C L = ------------------------------------------ + C S C X1 + C X2rest
CX2 rest Capacitance:
1 C X2rest = C X2 - --------------------------------------2 ( 2f 3rd ) L X
Resonance Frequency of CX2 and LX (Thomson Formula): 1 f LXCX2 = ----------------------------------------2 L X C X2
Relation between ffund and f3rd:
f fund + f 3rd f LXCX2 ----------------------------- = 2 f fund 2
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6
Start-up- and Oscillation Reliability
Most problems concerning the oscillator in a microcontroller system occur during the oscillation start-up time. During start-up time the drive level of the oscillation is very small and is increased up to the maximum. During that time the resistance of the crystal can reach high values because crystals show resistance dips depending on the drive level and the temperature. This effect is called drive level dependence (DLD). The DLD of a quartz crystal depends on the quality and can alter during production and during the life time of the crystal. If the resistance dips of the crystal increase in a range where the amplification of the oscillator is lower than one, than the oscillation cannot start. Therefore it is strongly recommended to check the start-up and oscillation reliability . This test is done with the negative resistance method. For further details please refer to the following IEC standards: IEC 122-2-1: Quartz crystal units for microprocessor clock supply IEC 444-6: Measurement of drive level dependence (DLD)
6.1
Principle of the Negative Resistance Method
The oscillator can be divided into the on-chip oscillator-inverter and the external circuitry. The oscillator circuitry can be simplified as shown in figure 5. The load capacitance C L contains CX1, CX2 and the stray capacitance CS. The amplification ability of the oscillator-inverter is replaced with a negative resistance -RINV and the quartz crystal is replaced by the load resonance resistance R L (effective resistance) and the effective reactance LQ.
Oscillator Circuit Microcontroller
Equivalent Circuit of Oscillator Circuit
Rfint
-RINV XTAL1 CX1 CL CX2 XTAL2 LQ
CL
CS
RL
RQ
Q
RQ
Figure 5 : Equivalent Circuit for Negative Resistance Methode
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The condition required for oscillation is: - R INV R L
The negative resistance has to be large enough to cover all possible variation of the oscillator circuitry. This condition is necessary to guarantee a problem-free operation of the oscillator. The negative resistance can be analyzed by connecting a series test resistor RQ to the quartz crystal (see figure 5) used to find the maximum value RQmax that remains the circuit still oscillating. RL is the resistance of the quartz crystal at oscillating frequency and creates the power dissipation.
Negative Resistance:
- R INV = R L + R Qmax
6.2
Measurement Method of Start-up- and Oscillation Reliability
As already mentioned before, the resistance of a crystal depends on the drive level. A simple method to check the start-up and oscillation reliability of the oscillator is to insert a test resistor RQ in series into the quartz crystal, see figure 4. The basic timing of VDD during testing is equal to the described timing for testing the oscillation startup time (see chapter 'oscillation start-up time'). The value of RQ is increased until the oscillation does not start any more . From the state of no oscillation RQ is then decreased until oscillation starts again. Using a Type_R oscillator-inverter this procedure has to be considered during reset active and reset inactive. This final value of RQmax is used for further calculations of the Safety Factor SF. Note: The series resistor RQ should be an SMD device or a potentiometer which is suitable for RF (Radio Frequency). Depending on the RF behavior of the potentiometer, the results between using an SMD resistor or a potentiometer can be different. The result of the potentiometer is sometimes worse than the one of the SMD resistor. It is therefore recommended to use the potentiometer in order to find the final value RQmax and to perform a verification of RQmax with a SMD resistor. Note: The start-up and oscillation reliability can be also influenced by using a socket for the microcontroller during measurement. The influence is caused by the additional inductance and capacitance of the socket. Depending on the demands to the final system which is used for mass production the consideration of start-up and oscillation reliability has to be done with or without a socket. The recommendations in the appendix are verified without socket. Note: Depending on the system demands the verification of the start-up and oscillation reliability should be also done for variation of supply voltage and temperature. Note: Also refer to IEC 60679-1 clause 4.5.9
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Table 1 Element Range for Test Element CX1 = CX2 RX2 3rd Overtone: LX 3rd Overtone: CX Range 0 - 100 pF 0 - 10 k 1 - 15H 1 - 10nF
The described measurement procedure for RQmax has to be performed for different values of RX2, CX1 and CX2. During the test, the values of the different elements have to be changed one after another, and the results are noted in a table. A proposal for a protocol table is shown in table 2. For the first test it is recommended to use CX1 = CX2. A suggestion for the range is given in table 1. The range of the elements depends on the used quartz crystal and on the characteristics of the printed circuit board. After the test the measured values should be displayed in a diagram, see figure 7. The measurement method of start-up and oscillation reliability for 3rd overtone mode needs more efforts than for fundamental mode. The relation between the values of LX and CX2 is given via the formulas in chapter 5.3. When CX lies within the recommended range it has theoretically no effect on the start-up behavior of the oscillator, but in a system the parasitic inductive part of C X can have a little influence. CX is only needed in order to suppress bias voltage at XTAL2 output. Recommended values are shown in table 1.
Table 2 Proposal for a Protocol Table RX2= ... Ohm CX1 = CX2 0 pF 2.7 pF ... 10 pF ... ... ... 47 pF IQ or Pw RQmax Comment
M
r asu e
em
ent
R
lt esu
s
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6.3
Safety Factor
The Safety Factor SF is the relation between maximum test resistance RQmax, which can be added in series to the quartz crystal but it is still oscillating, and the maximum load resonance resistance RLmax. It gives a feeling of how much the resistance of the passive part of the oscillator circuitry can be increased (caused by the drive level dependence of the crystal) until the oscillation does not start any more. Depending on production quality and long time behavior of all parts of the oscillator circuitry, the Safety Factor needs a certain minimum value to grant a problem-free operation of the oscillator for mass production and during life time. The qualification of the Safety Factor shown in table 3 is based on the experience of the Tele Quarz Group.
Safety Factor:
R Qmax SF = --------------------R Lmax
Load Resonance Resistance:
C 0typ 2 R Lmax = R 1max 1 + ---------------CL
Table 3 Qualification of the Safety Factor Safety Factor SF < 1.5 1.5 SF < 2 2 SF < 3 3 SF < 5 SF 5 Qualification unsuitable risky suitable safe very safe
Note: For oscillation frequencies higher than 24MHz it is strongly recommended to check whether the Safety Factor which can be achieved is sufficient for the system. In case the Safety Factor is not sufficient in fundamental mode, it is possible to use 3rd overtone mode (see appendix).
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6.4
Trouble Shooting
For standard applications, the already described method to determine the Safety Factor by changing the load capacitors is sufficient and successful finding a appropriate Safety Factor. If the application system shows still problems, despite all information given in this application note was regarded then the following hints can solve the problem.
6.4.1 Pull down Resistor RX1 An additional resistor RX1, within the value 5 M to 12 M, in parallel to CX1 can also increase the Safety Factor, since the internal feedback resistor of the oscillator-inverter and the additional external resistor form a voltage divider at the input of the inverter, see figure 6. This combination decreases damping in the active part of the inverter. Therefore the start-up behavior of the oscillation is improved, and the Safety Factor is increased. The additional resistor R X1 should only be used when the oscillation circuit is already optimized but the Safety Factor is not sufficient for the application.
6.4.2 Feedback Resistor Rf An additional external feedback resistor with a value Rf ~ 100k stabilizes the operating point (DC point) of the oscillator inverter input, see figure 6. This combination improves the start-up behavior in an application system with much noise caused by adjacent components or in systems with disturbance on the supply voltage. This problem can be seen in a start-up time which is to long or in a start-up time which is not stable. The additional external resistor R f should only be used when the oscillation circuit is already optimized but the Safety Factor or start-up behavior is not sufficient for the application.
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Pull down Resistor RX1
Feedback Resistor Rf
to internal clock circuitry
to internal clock circuitry
XTAL1 (XTAL2)
XTAL2 (XTAL1)
XTAL1 (XTAL2) Rf
XTAL2 (XTAL1)
RX2 Q Q
RX2
RX1
CX1
CX2
CX1
CX2
GND Figure 6 Pull down Resistor RX1 and Feedback Resistor Rf for Trouble shooting
GND
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6.5 Qualification of the Results
The basis for the evaluation of the measured results are the protocol tables. The results are displayed in evaluation diagrams shown in figure 7. For each protocol table with a fixed R X2 one evaluation diagram should be used. The evaluation diagram includes the characteristic curve for the Safety Factor SF and the drive level PW. It is also possible to display the resistance of the test resistor RQ and the crystal current IQ. In the evaluation diagram the specified minimum and maximum values of PW (IQ) of the used crystal can be marked. From it results a fixed range for the allowed capacitance of CX1 and CX2. Depending on the circuit composition, the characteristic curve of SF (RQmax) includes very often a maximum for capacitance values in the CX1/ CX2 range of 0 pF to 3 pF. The recommended range for SF (RQmax) should be in the falling area of the characteristic curve as marked in the diagram. Depending on the selected area for SF (RQmax) a specific range for CX1 and CX2 is given. Now two areas for CX1 and CX2 are given, one by PW (IQ) and the other by SF (RQmax). The capacitive values which are available in both areas are allowed for the oscillator circuit (see marked area in the diagram). This analysis has to be done for every RX2 value. The final selection of the components should be done under consideration of the necessary safety level, frequency, quality of the start-up behavior of the oscillator, start-up time of the oscillation and the specified load capacitance CL of the crystal. Note: It is not recommended to include the maximum of SF (RQmax) because in many cases the gradient of the characteristic curve between 0 pF and 3 pF is very high. If CX1 and CX2 were chosen in that area, small parameter variations of the used components during production could reduce the safety level very fast. The consequence could be that the oscillator does not work in this case.
SF (Safety Factor)
RX2 = ... Ohm
PW (Drive Level)
recomm. range max. allowed range min.
0
Range for CX1 / CX2
CX1 / CX2 [pF]
Figure 7 Evaluation Diagram for CX1 and CX2
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7
Oscillator Circuitry Layout Recommendations
The layout of the oscillator circuit is important for the RF and EMC behavior of the design. The use of this recommendation can help to reduce problems caused by the layout. This design recommendation is optimized on EMC aspects. For an optimal layout the following items have to be noted: 7.1 Avoid Capacitive Coupling
The crosstalk between oscillator signals and others has to be minimized. Sensitive inputs have to be separated from outputs with a high amplitude. Note: The crosstalk between different layers also has to be analyzed. 7.2 Ground Connection of the Crystal Package
The connection of the crystal package to the ground plane directly underneath the crystal and to the ground layer via an interlayer connection has the following advantages:
* *
The crystal metal package reduces the electromagnetic emission. The mechanical stability of the crystal can be increased. The ground layer and the additional ground plane underneath the crystal shield the oscillator. This shielding decouples all signals on the other PCB side. 7.3 Avoid Parallel Tracks of High Frequency Signals
In order to reduce the crosstalk caused by capacitive or inductive coupling, tracks of high frequency signals should not be routed in parallel (also not on different layers!). 7.4 Ground Supply
The ground supply must be realized on the base of a low impedance. The impedance can be made smaller by using thick and wide ground tracks. Ground loops have to be avoided, because they are working like antennas. Note: The connection to the ground should be done with a top-pin-clip because the heat of soldering can damage the quartz crystal. 7.5 Noise Reduction on Ground of the Load Capacitors
Noise on the ground track between the load capacitors and the on-chip oscillator ground can have an influence on the duty cycle. This is important for systems running in direct drive mode (oscillator frequency is equal to CPU frequency). Therefore the ground connection of the decoupling capacitance CB (between VDD and VSS of the on-chip oscillator-Inverter) should be between VSS and system ground connection, to suppress noise from system ground, see figure 9. 7.6 Correct Module Placement
Other RF modules should not be placed near the oscillator circuitry in order to prevent them from influencing the crystal functionality.
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7.7
Layout Examples
Microcontroller
VDD
Decoupling capacitance CB on the back side of the PCB CB
VSS
XTAL1
RX2
XTAL2
Connection to ground layer
CX1
CX2
Connection to ground layer
Quartz Crystal
GND
Quartz Crystal package has to be grounded Connection to ground layer
Figure 8 Layout Example for a leaded Quartz Crystal
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Microcontroller
Connection to system VDD Via to system VDD
VDD
Connection to system ground Decoupling capacitance CB on the back side of the PCB CB Via to ground island and system ground
VSS
XTAL1 RX2 GND
XTAL2 Single ground island
SMD Quartz Crystal
Vias to ground island CX2
CX1
Figure 9 Layout Example for a SMD Quartz Crystal
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8 C0 C0typ C1
Used Short Cuts : Shunt capacitance of the quartz crystal (static capacitance). : Typical value of the shunt capacitance of the quartz crystal. : Motional capacitance of the quartz crystal (dynamic capacitance). Mechanical equivalent is the elasticity of the quartz crystal hardware blank. : Typical value of the motional capacitance of the quartz crystal. : Load capacitance of the system resp. quartz crystal. : Stray capacitance of the system. : Load capacitors : Capacitance to suppress bias voltage at XTAL2 output. : Capacitance of CX2 in combination with LX in 3rd overtone mode. : Decoupling capacitance for VDD and VSS on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB). Depending on the EMC behavior the value should be in the range: 22nF to 100nF. : Parallel resonance frequency of LX and CX2 : Frequency of the 3rd overtone : Frequency of the fundamental mode : Peak to peak value of the quartz crystal current. : Drive current : Motional inductance of the quartz crystal (dynamic inductance). Mechanical equivalent is the oscillating mass of the quartz crystal hardware blank. : Inductance for 3rd overtone mode.
: Effective
C1typ CL CS CX1, CX2 CX CX2rest CB
fLXCX2 f3rd ffund Ipp IQ L1
LX LQ PW Q
reactance
: Drive level : Quartz Crystal
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R1, Rr
: Series resistance of the quartz crystal (resonance resistance) in other technical descriptions also called: 'equivalent series resistance, ESR' or 'transformed series resistance'). Mechanical equivalent is the moleculare friction, the damping by mechanical mounting system and accustical damping by the gasfilled housing. : Typical value of the series resistance at room temperature. : Maximum value of the series resistance at room temperature. : Maximum value of the series resistance at the specified temperatur range. This value ist the base for calculation of the SF in this application note.
R1typ R1max R1max (TK)
RLtyp, RLmax: Typical and maximum load resonance resistor (in other technical descriptions also called: 'effective resistance'). RL is the resistance of the quartz crystal at oscillating frequency and creates the power dissipation RQ RQmax RX1 RX2 Rf SF tst_up toff : Test resistor for calculation of safety level "critical starting resistance". : Maximum value of the test resistor which does not stop the oscillation. : Pull down resistor to increase gain (trouble shooting). : Resistor which controls the drive level (damping resistor). : Additional external feedback resistor to stabilize DC point (trouble shooting). : Safety Factor : Start-up time of the oscillator : Oscillator off time for measurement of start-up behavior
L1 Q
C1
R1
C0 Figure 10 Equivalent Circuit of a Quartz Crystal
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9
Recommendations of the Crystal Manufacturer Tele Quarz Group
The preceding chapters have shown a possibility of how to find the appropriate values for the circuit components of a crystal oscillator circuitry which ensure a problem-free operation. Similar tests were done in a cooperation between Infineon Technologies (MD AE) and Tele Quarz Group. This work is already performed for different Infineon Technologies microcontrollers. The specialists of Tele Quarz Group have done the analyses with the aid of the microcontroller development group of Infineon Technologies MD AE. The results of this cooperation are presented in the appendix of this Application Note. The cooperation will be continued and the results will be added to this Application Note step by step. Note: The appendix shows recommendations for the appropriate circuit composition of the oscillator which run in most of all applications but they do not release the system designer from a verification in the original system M. It is mandatory to perform own investigations concerning the Safety Factor to get a problem-free operation of the oscillator. This is necessary because every design has a specific influence on the oscillator (noise, layout etc.).
10
General Information using the Appendix
The Appendix includes recommendations for the right composition of external circuits for the C500 and C166 Family. Each recommendation for the external circuits is only one of more different possibilities. The decision which composition is the right one, is not 'digital' (go or no go) but has to be done in an 'analog' way which offers more different results which fits to the system. The system designer has to decide which criterion of the application system concerning the oscillator has to be considered: Safety Factor, start-up behavior, drive level, quartz crystal specification, frequency, EMC, layout demands etc. These facts are the base for the trade-off which external circuits fit best to the individual application system. The most important topic of the oscillator is the Safety Factor which gives the system designer a feeling about the start-up quality of the oscillator. The recommendations in the appendix show one possibility for the external circuits which is optimized to the start-up behavior respectively the Safety Factor and the used type of quartz crystal. For microcontroller and quartz crystals which are not included in the tables please determine the Safety Factor in the target system with the negative resistance metod as described in this Application Note.
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11
Appendix C500 Family
All derivatives, steps and oscillator-inverter types of the C500 Family shown in the table below are included in the recommendations of the following pages. For each type of oscillator-inverter there is given a proposal for the right composition of external circuits refered to different frequencies.
11.1 C500 Family: Relation between Oscillator-Inverter Type and Device Type
Table 4 C500 Family Derivatives and Oscillator-Inverter Type Device SAx-C505A-4E SAx-C505C-2E SAx-C505CA-4E SAx-C513A-L / -R / -2R SAx-C515C-L / -8R SAx-80C517 SAx-80C537 SAx-C509L Step AA AA AA BB AA DB DA, DB Inverter Type_A Type_A Type_A Type_A Type_B Type_B Type_C
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11.2 C500 Family: Type_A Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_A oscillatorinverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured values of R Qmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote. Table 5 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_A Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C505A-4E SAx-C505C-2E SAx-C505CA-4E SAx-C513A-L / -R / -2R Step AA AA AA BB Oscillator Frequency 2 - 20 MHz 2 - 20 MHz 2 - 20 MHz 3,5 - 12 MHz XTAL1 Input Input Input Input XTAL2 Output Output Output Output
Table 6 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a Type_A Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_A Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF 3,57 4,23 4,09 5,33 5,56 8,33 13,08 20,47 23,89 R1max (TK) []
20 18 16 12 10 8 6 5 4
56 56 100 100 150 150 390 390 390
8,2 8,2 8,2 8,2 10 10 10 12 12
15 18 22 33 33 33 33 33 33
10 14 13 13 14 15 14 18 16
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4
20 20 20 30 30 35 35 35 20
60 60 60 70 80 80 80 80 80
80 80 80 90 100 100 140 140 150
230 356 310 190 160 150 120 50 40
560 560 560 820 820 1200 2700 3900 5600
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
11.3 C500 Family: Type_B Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_B oscillatorinverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured values of R Qmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote. Table 7 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_B Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C515C-L / -8R SAx-80C517 SAx-80C537 Step AA DB Oscillator Frequency 2 - 10 MHz 3,5 - 16 MHz XTAL1 Output (CX2) Input (CX1) XTAL2 Input (CX1) Output (CX2)
Table 8 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a Type_B Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_B Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF 4,09 3,64 4,61 5,69 7,27 9,45 14,08 R1max (TK) []
16 12 10 8 6 5 4
0 56 100 100 150 150 150
6,8 10 10 10 10 12 12
12 18 27 27 33 33 33
13 13 14 15 14 18 16
4 4 3 3 3 3 4
20 30 30 35 35 35 20
60 70 80 80 80 80 80
80 90 100 100 140 140 150
333 249 190 160 133 65 45
560 560 680 820 1500 1800 3300
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
11.4 C500 Family: Type_C Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_C oscillatorinverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured values of R Qmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote. Table 9 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_C Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C509L Step DA, DB Oscillator Frequency 3,5 - 16 MHz XTAL1 Output (CX2) XTAL2 Input (CX1)
Table 10 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a Type_C Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_C Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF 5,99 6,50 6,78 10,42 8,72 17,32 16,64 R1max (TK) []
16 12 10 8 6 5 4
56 100 100 100 150 150 150
6,8 8,2 10 10 10 12 12
12 18 27 27 33 33 33
13 13 14 15 14 18 16
4 4 3 3 3 3 4
20 30 30 35 35 35 20
60 70 80 80 80 80 80
80 90 100 100 140 140 150
313 231 210 165 150 60 50
820 1000 1000 1500 1800 3300 3900
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
12
Appendix C166 Family
All derivatives, steps and oscillator-inverter types of the C166 Family shown in the table below are included in the recommendations of the following pages. For each type of oscillator inverter there is given a proposal for the right composition of external circuits refered to different frequencies.
12.1 C166 Family: Relation between Oscillator-Inverter Type and Device Type
Table 11 C166 Family Derivatives and Oscillator-Inverter Type Device SAx-C161RI SAx-C161CI Step AA BA, BB AA, AB BA, BB SAx-C161JI SAx-C161V / K / O SAx-C161V / K / O SAx-C161OR SAx-C163-LF SAx-C163-16FF SAx C164CI SAx-C165-LF / -LM SAx-C165-LF SAB-80C166(W)-M-Tx SAB-83C166(W)-M-Tx AC, BA, CA AA FA FA AB, AC AA, AB, BA, BB BA, BC, CA CA FA CB, DA, DB, DC CB, DA, DB, DC Main: Aux: Main: Aux: Main: Aux: Inverter Type_LP1 Type_LP2 Type_LP2 Type_RTC1 Type_LP2 Type_RTC2 Type_LP2 Type_RTC2 Type_R Type_RE Type_LP2 Type_R Type_R Type_LP2 Type_R Type_RE Type_R Type_R
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Table 11 C166 Family Derivatives and Oscillator-Inverter Type (continued) SAx-C167-LM SAx-C167S-4RM SAx-C167SR-LM SAx-C167CR-LM SAx-C167CR-4RM SAx-C167CR-16RM SAx-C167CS-32FM BA, BB, BC AA, AE, BA, BB, DA, DB FA AB, BA, CB, DA, DB FA AB, BA, BB, CA, CB, BE, DA, DB FA AA, AB, AC, DA, DB FA AA FA AB, AC, AD, AE, BA, BB CA, CB, DA Type_R Type_R Type_RE Type_R Type_RE Type_R Type_RE Type_R Type_RE Type_R Type_RE Type_LP2 Type_RE
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12.2 C166 Family: Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverters
The tables below show the derivatives including Type_R and Type_RE oscillator-inverters. The tables on the next two pages include the recommendations for fundamental mode and 3rd overtone mode for both oscillator types.
Table 12 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_R Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C161V / K / O SAx-C163-LF SAx-C163-16FF SAx-C165-LF / -LM SAB-80C166(W)-M-Tx SAB-83C166(W)-M-Tx SAx-C167-LM SAx-C167S-4RM SAx-C167SR-LM SAx-C167CR-LM SAx-C167CR-4RM SAx-C167CR-16RM Step AA AB, AC AA, AB, BA, BB CA CB, DA, DB, DC CB, DA, DB, DC BA, BB, BC AA, AE, BA, BB, DA, DB AB, BA, CB, DA, DB AB, BA, BB, CA, CB, BE, DA, DB AA, AB, AC, DA, DB AA Oscillator Frequency 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz
Table 13 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_RE Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C161V / K / O SAx-C165-LF SAx-C167S-4RM SAx-C167SR-LM SAx-C167CR-LM SAx-C167CR-4RM SAx-C167CR-16RM SAx-C167CS-32FM Step FA FA FA FA FA FA FA CA, CB, DA Oscillator Frequency 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz 4 - 24 (40) MHz
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12.2.1 C166 Family: Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverter Fundamental Mode
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using Type_R or Type_RE oscillator-inverters in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured values of RQmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote.
Table 14 Recommendations for external circuitry used with Type_R or Type_RE Oscillator-Inverters in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverters Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF 2,60 3,07 3,24 3,57 4,08 4,24 6,50 8,14 12,50 10,66 14,17 14,08
R1max (TK) []
40 32 24 20 18 16 12 10 8 6 5 4
0 0 180 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 390
12 12 15 8,2 12 12 12 15 15 15 22 22
15 15 22 39 39 47 47 47 47 47 47 47
13 11 12 10 14 13 13 14 15 14 18 16
5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4
10 15 15 20 20 20 30 30 35 35 35 20
50 50 50 60 60 60 70 80 80 80 80 80
60 60 60 80 80 80 90 100 100 140 140 150
420 520 510 375 335 353 312 216 372 100 110 46
300 390 390 560 540 580 1000 1200 1800 2200 2700 3300
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
12.2.2 C166 Family: Type_R and Type_RE Oscillator-Inverter 3rd Overtone Mode
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using Type_R or Type_RE oscillator-inverters in 3rd overtone mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured value of R Qmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote.
Table 15 Recommendations for external circuitry used with Type_R or Type_RE Oscillator-Inverters in 3rd Overtone Mode 3rd Overtone Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_R or Type_RE Oscillator-Inverters Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C , R1typ) Safety Factor SF 4,76 R1max (TK) []
40
100
5,6
10
10
4,7
7
5
12
35
40
700
560
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
CX [nF]
RX2 []
LX [H]
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
12.3 C166 Family: Type_LP1 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_LP1 oscillator-inverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured values of RQmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote.
Table 16 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_LP1 Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C161RI Step AA Oscillator Frequency 4 - 16 MHz
Table 17 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a Type_LP1 Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_LP1 Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF > 40 > 40 > 40 > 40 > 40 > 40 > 40 R1max (TK) []
16 12 10 8 6 5 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4,7 8,2 10 15 15 15 15
4,7 8,2 12 22 22 22 22
13 13 14 15 14 18 16
4 4 3 3 3 3 4
20 30 30 35 35 35 20
60 70 80 80 80 80 80
80 90 100 100 140 140 150
270 230 121 140 170 120 80
8200 > 10000 > 10000 > 10000 > 10000 > 10000 > 10000
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
12.4 C166 Family: Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_LP2 oscillator-inverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the drive level (PW) and Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured values of RQmax and the calculated values of PW and SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote.
Table 18 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C161CI SAx-C161RI SAx-C161JI SAx-C161OR SAx-C164CI SAx-C167CS-32FM Step AA, AB, BA, BB BA, BB AC, BA, CA FA BA, BC, CA AB, AC, AD, AE, BA, BB Oscillator Frequency 4 - 16 MHz 4 - 16 MHz 4 - 16 MHz 4 - 16 MHz 4 - 16 MHz 4 - 16 MHz
Table 19 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF 8,77 14,29 14,92 22,92 22,77 R1max (TK) []
16 12 10 8 6
0 0 0 0 0
2,7 3,3 4,7 5,6 8,2
2,7 4,7 8,2 12 15
13 13 14 15 14
4 4 3 3 3
20 30 30 35 35
60 70 80 80 80
80 90 100 100 140
150 110 120 100 130
1200 2200 2200 3300 4700
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
Table 19 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits Frequency [MHz] CX2 [pF] (Output) CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_LP2 Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data PW [W] (@ 25C, R1typ) Safety Factor SF 29,39 29,01 R1max (TK) []
5 4
0 0
10 12
18 22
18 16
3 4
35 20
80 80
140 150
80 60
5600 6800
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
12.5 C166 Family: Type_RTC1 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_RTC1 oscillator-inverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured value of RQmax and the calculated value of SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote.
Table 20 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_RTC1 Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C161CI Step AA, AB Oscillator Frequency 32 kHz 50% XTAL3 Input (CX1) XTAL4 Output (CX2)
Table 21 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a RTC1 Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits CX2 [pF] (Output) Frequency [kHz] CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_RTC1 Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data Safety Factor SF 8,08 R1max (TK) []
32,768
1)
0
no1)
33
33
12,5
1
12000
35000
35000
330000
The Type_RTC1 oscillator-inverter requires no external feedback resistor.
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
Rf [M]
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
12.6 C166 Family: Type_RTC2 Oscillator-Inverter
The table below contains the recommendations for the external circuitry using a Type_RTC2 oscillator-inverter in fundamental mode. The quartz crystal data are included which are necessary for the calculation of the Safety Factor (SF). The quartz crystal data are related to the quartz crystals of appendix Quartz Crystals. The measured value of RQmax and the calculated value of SF are based on these quartz crystals and the formulas presented in this ApNote.
Table 22 C166 Family Derivatives including a Type_RTC2 Oscillator-Inverter Device SAx-C161CI SAx-C161JI Step BA, BB AC, BA, CA Oscillator Frequency 32 kHz 50% 32 kHz 50% XTAL3 Input (CX1) Input (CX1) XTAL4 Output (CX2) Output (CX2)
Table 23 Recommendations for external circuitry used with a RTC2 Oscillator-Inverter in Fundamental Mode Fundamental Mode: External Circuits CX2 [pF] (Output) Frequency [kHz] CX1 [pF] (Input) Type_RTC2 Oscillator-Inverter Quartz Crystal Data Safety Factor SF 3,8 R1max (TK) []
Rf [M] 1)
32,768
1)
0
6,8
2,7
2,7
12,5
1
12000
35000
35000
180000
The Type_RTC2 oscillator-inverter requires an external feedback resistor Rf connected between XTAL3 and XTAL4.
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RQmax []
C0typ [pF]
R1max []
R1typ []
CL [pF]
RX2 []
Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
13
Quartz Crystals for the C500 and C166 Family
13.1 Fundamental Mode Quartz Crystal for Standard Temperature Range
Table 24 Quartz Crystals for all Oscillator-Inverter used in Fundamental Mode Standard Temperature Range from - 20C to 70C Quartz Crystal Specification for Fundamental Mode:
HC49 Frequency [MHz] Can hight 6.6mm low profile SH66 C167CR40 C167CR32 C167CR24 C167CR20 C167CR18 C167CR16 C167CR12 C167CR10 C167CR08 C167CR06 C167CR05 --Can hight 13.5mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS20 C167CR40S C167CR32S C167CR24S C167CR20S C167CR18S C167CR16S C167CR12S C167CR10S C167CR08S C167CR06S C167CR05S C167CR04S Can hight 8.8mm StandardEnclosure C167CR40A C167CR32A C167CR24A C167CR20A C167CR18A C167CR16A C167CR12A C167CR10A C167CR08A C167CR06A C167CR05A ---
HC52 Can hight 8.8mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS10 C167CR40AS C167CR32AS C167CR24AS C167CR20AS C167CR18AS C167CR16AS C167CR12AS C167CR10AS C167CR08AS C167CR06AS C167CR05AS ---
40 32 24 20 18 16 12 10 8 6 5 4
The specifications C167CRxxxx are for the use in standard temperature range from - 20C to 70C. For further information please contact your local Tele Quarz Group sales office.
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Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
13.2 Fundamental Mode Quartz Crystal for Advanced Temperature Range
Table 25 Quartz Crystals for all Oscillator-Inverter used in Fundamental Mode Advanced Temperature Range from - 40C to 125C for Automotive Applications Quartz Crystal Specification for Fundamental Mode:
HC49 Frequency [MHz] Can hight 6.6mm low profile SH66 KFZ0010 KFZ0011 KFZ0012 KFZ0013 KFZ0014 KFZ0015 KFZ0016 KFZ0017 --Can hight 13.5mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS20 KFZ0010S KFZ0011S KFZ0012S KFZ0013S KFZ0014S KFZ0015S KFZ0016S KFZ0017S KFZ0018S Can hight 8.8mm StandardEnclosure KFZ0010A KFZ0011A KFZ0012A KFZ0013A KFZ0014A KFZ0015A KFZ0016A KFZ0017A ---
HC52 Can hight 8.8mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS10 KFZ0010AS KFZ0011AS KFZ0012AS KFZ0013AS KFZ0014AS KFZ0015AS KFZ0016AS KFZ0017AS ---
20 18 16 12 10 8 6 5 4
The specifications KFZ00xxxx are for the use in advanced temperature range from - 40C to 125C for automotive applications. For further information please contact your local Tele Quarz Group sales office.
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Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
13.3 3rd Overtone Mode Quartz Crystal for Standard Temperature Range
Table 26 Quartz Crystals for all Oscillator-Inverter used in 3rd Overtone Mode Standard Temperature Range from - 20C to 70C Quartz Crystal Specification for 3rd Overtone Mode:
HC49 Frequency [MHz] Can hight 6.6mm low profile SH66 --Can hight 13.5mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS20 C167CR403S Can hight 8.8mm StandardEnclosure C167CR403A
HC52 Can hight 8.8mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS10 C167CR403AS
40
The specifications C167CR403xx are for the use in standard temperature range from - 20C to 70C. For further information please contact your local Tele Quarz Group sales office.
13.4 3rd Overtone Mode Quartz Crystal for Advanced Temperature Range
Table 27 Quartz Crystals for all Oscillator-Inverter used in 3rd Overtone Mode Advanced Temperature Range from - 40C to 125C for Automotive Applications Quartz Crystal Specification for 3rd Overtone Mode:
HC49 Frequency [MHz] Can hight 6.6mm low profile SH66 --Can hight 13.5mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS20 KFZ0009S Can hight 8.8mm StandardEnclosure KFZ0009A
HC52 Can hight 8.8mm SMD-Mounting with Clip CS10 KFZ0009AS
40
The specifications KFZ0009xx are for the use in advanced temperature range from - 40C to 125C for automotive applications. For further information please contact your local Tele Quarz Group sales office.
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Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
13.5 Real Time Clock Quartz Crystal
Table 28 Quartz Crystals for RTC Oscillator-Inverter used in Fundamental Mode Standard Temperature Range from - 20C to 70C Quartz Crystal Specification for Fundamental Mode:
Frequency [kHz] 32.768
Ordering Code TC38 12,5
For further information please contact your local Tele Quarz Group sales office.
Table 29 Quartz Crystals for RTC Oscillator-Inverter used in Fundamental Mode Advanced Temperature Range from - 40C to 85C Quartz Crystal Specification for Fundamental Mode:
Frequency [kHz] 32.768 32.768 32.768 32.768
Ordering Code TQEC45 TQEC46 TPSM32A TPSM32B
For further information please contact your local Tele Quarz Group sales office.
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Crystal Oscillators of the C500 / C166 Microcontroller Family
14
TELE QUARZ GROUP Sales Offices
For more information on TELE QUARZ GROUP please call your local TELE QUARZ GROUP sales office.
Germany: TELE QUARZ GmbH Landstrasse D-74924 Neckarbischofsheim Tel.: 49/7268/801-0 Fax : 49/7268/801-281 e-mail : info@telequarz.de
Germany: TELE QUARZ GROUP Vertriebsburo Nurnberg Landgrabenstrasse 32 D-90443 Nurnberg Tel.: 49/911/42341-0 Fax : 49/911/421050
France: Laboratoires de Piezo-Electricite (LPE) S.A. Rue de Rome, Bat. Jean Monnet F - 93110 Rosny Sous Bois Tel.: 33/148 12 25 30 Fax : 33/148 12 25 39
United States: Oak Frequency Control Group 100 Watts Street Mt. Holly Springs, PA 17065 Tel.: (717) 486 3411 Fax : (717) 486 5920
Taiwan: TELE QUARZ Taiwan Corp. 2F No.82, Sec. 1 Hsin Hai Road Taipei ROC Tel.: +2-363 8688 Fax : +2-363 8887
Japan: Teletec Corporation Yoshizawa Building 202 873-11 Kamiochiai, Yono City Saitama Pref. 338 Tel.: +48-853 1270 Fax : +48-853-1393
United Kingdom: Tele Quarz 9 Dean Street Marlow, Bucks SL7 3AA Tel.: +44 (1628) 474710 Fax : +44 (1628) 474810
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